Projected population structure for Botswana, 2020, with and without the impact of AIDS. The population pyramid depicted above shows the impact of an extremely high HIV prevalence, combined with a lack of anti-retroviral therapies, on the age structure of a population. This is often referred to as “population chimney”, as high mortality from AIDS in young adulthood leads to the distinctive narrowing in the upper half of the population pyramid. There is also a narrowing at the base of the pyramid due to the lowering of fertility because of the epidemic (through increased infertility and less women reaching motherhood) and due to increased infant mortality due to mother-child transmission of HIV.
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